PAST PERFECT:
Se usa para acciones que han ocurrido antes de otras o antes de un momento en el pasado.
-Acción acabada que ocurrió antes de otra acción en el pasado.
I had already spoken to Ann before she went on stage. / Yo ya había hablado con Ann antes de que saliese al escenario.
-Acción que ha ocurrido antes de un momento concreto en e tiempo.
I had spoken to Anne before the show. / Yo ya había hablado con Ann antes de la función.
Affirmative: had + past participle
0. Alice spent all the money she had inherited from her uncle.
1. Sandra opened the package she ________
_____________ (receive).
2. We thought about what John _________ ______________
(say).
3. I opened the window Peter _________
________________(close).
4. Frank was in jail because he _________
_______________ (sell) alcohol to minors.
5. We paid for the things we __________
________________(buy) before leaving the shop.
Negative: had not / hadn't + past participle
0. He flunked
Physics because he hadn´t studied for the test.
1. We kept the food we ___________ ________________
(not eat) in the fridge.
2. I phoned the people Jane ____________
_________________ (not send) e-mails to.
3. Sylvia __________ __________________ (not
forget) to invite Aldo to the party.
4. The show ________ ________________ (not begin)
when we arrived at the theatre.
5. Alfie ____________ _______________(not see)
Elizabeth since she was twelve.
Yes
/No Questions:
Had
(verbo auxiliar) + sujeto + past
participle (verbo principal) + resto +?
Had the bus left
before she got to the bus stop?
Recuerda que en esa formula se pueden colar expresiones temporales como already
(ya), ever (alguna vez), just (acaba de), never (nunca), not yet (todavía no),
so far (por ahora), till now (hasta ahora), up to now (hasta ahora), by the
time (para cuando).
Had you already
paid for the things you bought before leaving the store?
0. Had
you been to Hawaii before your honeymoon?
Yes, I had been to Hawaii before my honeymoon.
1.
No, I had never seen Arthur before that night.
2.
Yes, we had heard about the accident by the time it
appeared on TV.
3.
Yes, we locked the door after we had closed the windows.
4.
Yes, the clock had struck midnight by the time Harry got
home.
5.
Yes, Paul had read the contract before signing it.
6.
No, they hadn’t forgotten to turn off the lights when
they went to bed.
Questions
with question words:
Question word + had (verbo auxiliar) + sujeto + past
participle (verbo principal) + resto + ?
0. What had you
eaten before you threw up?
I had eaten raw
liver. (hígado crudo)
1.
I had seen the girl at
the hotel before she had the accident at the beach.
2.
They had arrived
when the meeting was over.
3.
She had left early because
she wanted to stop by Ned’s house before going home.
4.
Paul had sold his
old car before Helen decided she wanted it.
Cuando preguntas por el sujeto, la única diferencia es que el sujeto
no puede aparecer en la pregunta. En el
ejemplo de abajo, no hay sujeto entre el verbo auxiliar had y el participio.
0. Who had eaten the
cake by the time Sam was ready to blow the candles?
The twins had eaten the cake by the time Sam was ready to blow
the candles.
1.
Her father had painted her room blue before Susan said she
wanted it green.
2.
John had watered the tree too much and so it died.
Cuando preguntas por el objeto y este es persona o no lo sabes pero puede
serlo y hay una preposición por medio, tienes dos opciones:
0. and 0. To
whom had you sent invitations before the wedding was cancelled?
Who had you sent invitations to before the wedding was
cancelled?
I had sent
invitations to all my friends before the wedding was cancelled.
1. and 2.
Mary had knitted
sweaters for the children before.
3. and 4.
Paul had bought
plants from that nursery many times before.
En principio
whom se refiere a personas, pero en este ejemplo se refiere a un vivero, lugar
donde venden plantas. Es posible usar whom aquí para una cosa porque no sabemos
si la respuesta se va a referir a una persona. Por ejemplo, si la respuesta va a ser que compra las
plantas directamente a Pedro, el dueño del vivero.
Cuando
el dato que falta es el verbo principal,
hay que sustituirlo por “done.”
0. What had he done
by the time he got to Bristol?
He had robbed
a dozen people travelling on the train by the time he got to Bristol.
1.
He had seen the
musical “Into the Woods” before we recommended he do it.
2.
They had robbed
banks many times before.
3.
He had climbed
Mount Everest when he were young.
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